Theories regarding what happens in the brain to result in symptoms of Functional neurological disorder (FND) are complex; and involve multiple mechanisms that may differ, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms. Basically, parts of the brain that control the functioning of your muscles and senses may be involved, even though no disease or abnormality exists. The exact causes of FND are not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between psychological, social, and physical factors.
Psychological factors:
- Having a neurological disease or disorder, such as epilepsy, migraines or a movement disorder
- Recent significant stress or emotional or physical trauma
- Having a mental health condition, such as a mood or anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder or certain personality disorders
- Having a family member with a neurological condition or symptoms
- Having a history of physical or sexual abuse or neglect in childhood
- Personality traits may also contribute to the development of FND
Females may be more likely than males to develop functional neurologic disorder.
Social factors
Social factors, such as cultural expectations or social pressures, can also play a role in the development of FND.
Physical factors
Physical factors such as a prior illness or injury, chronic pain, or exposure to toxins or infections, may trigger FND.
Complications
Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.
Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with:
- Pain
- Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder
- Depression
- Insomnia
- Fatigue
The precise mechanisms underlying FND are still being studied, but some theories suggest that the condition may involve dysfunction in the way that the brain processes sensory information or regulates movement. Treatment for FND typically involves a multi-disciplinary approach that addresses both physical and psychological factors.