Swallowing is complex, involving many muscles and nerves. Any condition that weakens or damages the muscles and nerves used for swallowing or leads to a narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia. There are several factors that can cause dysphagia, including:
- Neurological disorders: Neurological disorders, such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, can cause muscle weakness and affect swallowing.
- Structural problems: Structural problems, such as a narrowing of the esophagus, can make swallowing difficult.
- Infections: Infections, such as a sore throat or tonsillitis, can cause inflammation and make swallowing difficult.
- Tumors: Tumors in the head and neck can cause swallowing difficulties by pressing on the esophagus or other structures involved in swallowing.
- Acid reflux: Acid reflux can cause irritation and inflammation in the esophagus, making swallowing difficult.
- Muscle disorders: Muscle disorders, such as muscular dystrophy, can affect the muscles used for swallowing.
- Radiation therapy. This cancer treatment can lead to inflammation and scarring of the esophagus.
- Psychological factors: Psychological factors, such as stress or anxiety, can make swallowing difficult.
Risk factors
The following are risk factors for dysphagia:
- Aging. Due to natural aging and normal wear and tear on the esophagus as well as a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease, older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. But dysphagia isn’t considered a normal sign of aging.
- Certain health conditions. People with certain neurological or nervous system disorders are more likely to have difficulty swallowing.
Complications
Difficulty swallowing can lead to:
- Malnutrition, weight loss and dehydration. Dysphagia can make it difficult to take in enough nourishment and fluids.
- Aspiration pneumonia. Food or liquid entering the airway during attempts to swallow can cause aspiration pneumonia as a result of the food introducing bacteria into the lungs.
- Choking. Food stuck in the throat can cause choking. If food completely blocks the airway and no one i
The specific cause of dysphagia will determine the best course of treatment. If you are experiencing difficulty swallowing, it is recommended to speak with your healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.