Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells. One of the proteins involved is called amyloid, deposits of which form plaques around brain cells. The other protein is called tau, deposits of which form tangles within brain cells.
Although it’s not known exactly what causes this process to begin, scientists now know that it begins many years before symptoms appear. As brain cells become affected, there’s also a decrease in chemical messengers (called neurotransmitters) involved in sending messages, or signals, between brain cells.
Levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, are particularly low in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Over time, different areas of the brain shrink. The first areas usually affected are responsible for memories. In more unusual forms of Alzheimer’s disease, different areas of the brain are affected. The first symptoms may be problems with vision or language rather than memory.
Although it’s still unknown what triggers Alzheimer’s disease, several factors are known to increase your risk of developing the condition.
- Age
- Family history
- Down’s syndrome
- Head injuries
- Cardiovascular disease
- Other factors
These are discussed below.
Age: Age is the single most significant factor. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease doubles every 5 years after you reach 65. But it’s not just older people who are at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Around 1 in 20 people with the condition are under 65. This is called early- or young-onset Alzheimer’s disease and it can affect people from around the age of 40.
Family history: The genes you inherit from your parents can contribute to your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, although the actual increase in risk is small. But in a few families, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the inheritance of a single gene and the risks of the condition being passed on are much higher. If several of your family members have developed dementia over the generations, and particularly at a young age, you may want to seek genetic counselling for information and advice about your chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease when you’re older.
Down’s syndrome: People with Down’s syndrome are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. This is because the genetic changes that cause Down’s syndrome can also cause amyloid plaques to build up in the brain over time, which can lead to Alzheimer’s disease in some people.
Head injuries: People who have had a severe head injury may be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, but much research is still needed in this area.
Cardiovascular disease: Research shows that several lifestyle factors and conditions associated with cardiovascular disease can increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. These include:
- smoking
- obesity
- diabetes
- high blood pressure
- high cholesterol
Other risk factors
In addition, the latest research suggests that other factors are also important, although this does not mean these factors are directly responsible for causing dementia. These include:
- hearing loss
- untreated depression (though depression can also be one of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease)
- loneliness or social isolation
- a sedentary lifestyle
It is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that a person will definitely develop Alzheimer’s disease. And more research and investigation are needed to understand the underlying causes and mechanisms of the disease.