Chronic Pancreatitis is a long-term inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach that produces enzymes that aid in digestion and hormones that regulate blood sugar.
Chronic pancreatitis is usually a complication of recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. These can lead to permanent damage in the pancreas. Acute pancreatitis occurs when trypsin becomes activated within the pancreas. Trypsin is an enzyme that is produced in the pancreas and released into the intestines, where it breaks down proteins as part of digestion.
Trypsin is inactive until it has reached the intestines. If trypsin becomes activated inside the pancreas, it will start to digest the pancreas itself, leading to irritation and inflammation of the pancreas. This becomes acute pancreatitis.
The exact reason why this happens is not well understood, but several factors have been identified as potential causes, including:
- Alcohol abuse: Long-term heavy alcohol consumption is the most common known cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for about 70-80% of cases. Alcohol damages the pancreas, leading to inflammation and scarring.
- Genetics: Some genetic mutations can cause chronic pancreatitis, including mutations in the PRSS1, SPINK1, and CFTR genes, among others.
- Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, and hemochromatosis can cause chronic pancreatitis.
- Trauma: Trauma or injury to the pancreas can cause chronic pancreatitis.
- Autoimmune disorders: Some autoimmune disorders such as Sjogren’s syndrome, sarcoidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus can cause chronic pancreatitis.
- Hereditary pancreatitis, wherein a person has a genetic condition and is born with a pancreas that is not working effectively
- Other causes: Certain medications, infections, and structural abnormalities in the pancreas can also cause chronic pancreatitis.
In about 20% to 30% of cases, the cause of chronic pancreatitis is unknown. People with chronic pancreatitis are usually men between ages 30 and 40.
It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause of chronic pancreatitis and develop an appropriate treatment plan that may include addressing the underlying causes of chronic pancreatitis, managing the symptoms and side effects of the disease and addressing mental health concerns.