Liver tumours

By | February 22, 2025

Understanding Liver Tumours

Overview

Liver tumours are abnormal growths in the liver that can either be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate in the liver itself (primary liver tumours) or spread to the liver from other parts of the body (secondary or metastatic liver tumours).

Types of Liver Tumours

Primary Liver Tumours

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
  • Cholangiocarcinoma
  • Hepatoblastoma (usually occurs in children)

Secondary or Metastatic Liver Tumours

These are cancers that have spread to the liver from other organs such as the colon, lung, breast, or pancreas.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of liver tumours is often not known, but certain factors can increase the risk of developing them:

  • Chronic viral hepatitis B or C infection
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Obesity
  • Exposure to certain environmental toxins
  • Family history of liver cancer

Symptoms

Symptoms of liver tumours may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), unexplained weight loss, and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing liver tumours usually involves a combination of imaging tests (such as CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds) and biopsy to determine the type of tumour. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted drug therapy.

Prevention

Preventive measures for liver tumours include getting vaccinated for hepatitis B, limiting alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding exposure to toxic substances.

FAQs

1. What are the symptoms of liver tumours?

The symptoms of liver tumours may include abdominal pain, jaundice, unexplained weight loss, and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.

2. Are all liver tumours cancerous?

No, some liver tumours are benign and non-cancerous. It is important to differentiate between benign and malignant tumours through proper diagnosis.

3. What are the risk factors for developing liver tumours?

Risk factors for liver tumours include chronic viral hepatitis infections, alcohol abuse, obesity, exposure to toxins, and family history of liver cancer.

4. How are liver tumours diagnosed?

Diagnosis of liver tumours typically involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRIs, along with a biopsy to confirm the type of tumour.

5. What are the treatment options for liver tumours?

Treatment options for liver tumours may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted drug therapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumour.

6. Can liver tumours be prevented?

While not all cases can be prevented, measures like hepatitis B vaccination, alcohol moderation, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding toxins can help reduce the risk of developing liver tumours.

7. Are liver tumours hereditary?

Family history of liver cancer can increase the risk of developing liver tumours, suggesting a genetic component in some cases.

8. How common are liver tumours?

Liver tumours are relatively rare but can have serious implications, especially if a malignant tumour is present.

9. Can liver tumours be cured?

The prognosis for liver tumours depends on various factors such as the type, stage, and treatment approach. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of successful treatment.

10. Are there any long-term effects of liver tumours?

Long-term effects of liver tumours can vary depending on the treatment received and the outcome of the tumour. Regular follow-ups and monitoring are essential to detect any recurrence or complications.


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Complete Guide to NSFAS Online Loan Application for South African Students (2025)

If you are a South African student looking to pursue higher education but are facing financial difficulties, the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) is one of the most accessible funding options available. NSFAS provides financial aid in the form of bursaries and loans to qualifying students at public universities and TVET colleges in South Africa.

This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about the NSFAS loan application process, from eligibility requirements to application steps and frequently asked questions.


📌 What is NSFAS?

The National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) is a government-funded financial aid scheme aimed at helping students from low- and middle-income households to access tertiary education without the burden of upfront fees.

NSFAS offers both bursaries and income-contingent loans:

  • Bursaries: For eligible students who meet academic and household income criteria (especially for TVET and university students).
  • Loans: For students who do not meet all bursary criteria or who are pursuing postgraduate qualifications not funded under bursary schemes.

✅ Who Qualifies for an NSFAS Loan?

To qualify for an NSFAS loan (especially for postgraduate students or programs not funded under the bursary system), you must:

  • Be a South African citizen.
  • Be financially needy, with a household income of less than R350,000 per year.
  • Have a valid South African ID.
  • Be enrolled or accepted to study at a public university or TVET college.
  • Not be funded through another bursary program that covers all expenses.
  • Maintain satisfactory academic progress (returning students).

📚 Courses Funded by NSFAS

NSFAS primarily funds undergraduate qualifications, but certain postgraduate programs (e.g., PGCE, postgraduate diplomas in education, and professional courses like LLB) may be considered under the NSFAS loan scheme, not bursaries.

If you’re studying:

  • Undergraduate degree or diploma: You are likely eligible for a full NSFAS bursary.
  • Postgraduate study: You may qualify for a loan, depending on the course and funding availability.

📄 Required Documents for NSFAS Application

When applying, make sure you have the following documents scanned and ready:

  1. Certified copy of your South African ID or Smart Card.
  2. Parent(s) or guardian(s) ID documents.
  3. Proof of income (latest payslips, UIF, or affidavit if unemployed).
  4. Consent Form signed by your parent(s)/guardian(s) to allow NSFAS to verify income.
  5. Proof of registration or acceptance at a public institution.
  6. Academic transcripts (for continuing or postgraduate students).

🖥️ How to Apply for an NSFAS Loan Online

Step-by-Step NSFAS Online Application Process (2025)

  1. Visit the NSFAS Website

    Go to: https://www.nsfas.org.za

  2. Create an Account

    • Click on “MyNSFAS” and register your profile.
    • You’ll need a valid email address and South African cellphone number.
    • Choose a strong password and verify your account via email or SMS.
  3. Login and Start the Application

    • After registration, log in to your MyNSFAS account.
    • Click on “Apply” to begin a new application.
  4. Fill in Your Personal Details

    • Input your ID number, name, surname, and other details exactly as they appear on your ID.
    • Provide household income information and living arrangements.
  5. Upload Required Documents

    • Upload all supporting documents in PDF or JPEG format.
    • Each document must be clear and under the size limit specified.
  6. Submit Your Application

    • Review your application for accuracy.
    • Click “Submit” and wait for a confirmation message.
  7. Track Your Application

    • Log in regularly to check your application status.
    • You will be notified via SMS and email at each stage of the process.

🗓️ Important NSFAS Dates (2025)

  • Application Opening Date: September 1, 2025
  • Application Deadline: January 31, 2026
  • Appeals Period: February 2026 (if rejected)
  • Disbursement: After registration and approval

Note: Dates are subject to change; always confirm on the official NSFAS website.


💸 What Does the NSFAS Loan Cover?

NSFAS funding typically includes:

  • Tuition fees
  • Registration fees
  • Accommodation (if living away from home)
  • Meals and transport
  • Learning materials (e.g., textbooks)

For loans, repayment is only required once you start working and earn above a threshold (around R30,000 annually, but subject to change).


🔄 NSFAS Loan Repayment

Repayments are:

  • Income-contingent – you only repay when you can afford to.
  • Administered by DHET (Department of Higher Education and Training).
  • Interest-bearing, but interest rates are low and favorable.

You can also apply for a partial loan conversion to a bursary if you perform well academically.


🔁 How to Appeal a Rejected NSFAS Application

If your application is rejected, you may submit an appeal via your MyNSFAS portal:

  1. Log into your MyNSFAS account.
  2. Click on “Track Funding Progress”.
  3. If rejected, click on “Submit Appeal”.
  4. Upload any missing or corrected documents.
  5. Provide a clear explanation or motivation.

📱 NSFAS Contact Information


📝 Final Tips Before Applying

  • Apply early to avoid system overload near the deadline.
  • Use your own email and cellphone number (do not use someone else’s).
  • Double-check that all your documents are certified and legible.
  • Keep a copy of your submission confirmation for reference.

By following this guide, you can confidently apply for NSFAS funding and move one step closer to achieving your academic and career dreams—without the burden of immediate financial pressure.

If you need a printable checklist or PDF version of this guide, let me know and I’ll create one for you.